Mohammad Mehraein; Amir Teymour Rafiei; Mohammad Nabi Salim
Abstract
India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. ...
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India's human geography, due to its ethnic diversity and religious diversity, has provided a fertile ground for the country's political and social challenges. Since India ruled with Muslim rulers for about six hundred years, prudent religious policy was essential for political stability and cohesion. The Gurkhanid rule, which rules over a large part of the Indian subcontinent, is based on religious tolerance of Buddhist followers. , Hindus and Sikhs ruled their territory and even Akbarshah tried to minimize the challenges by proposing the unity of religions; But Aurangzeb's turn to bigotry and strict religious policy dealt a major blow to the foundations of the Gurkhani empire. Using a descriptive research method, this study answers the question of why the policy of religious tolerance was abandoned and what was the result, despite Gurkhanian understanding of the quality of India's human and political geography? Studies show that in addition to the effective role of Akbarshah's successors, especially Aurangzeb, in prioritizing a religion and avoiding religious tolerance, the emergence of Maharaja's independence tendencies and the gradual transformation of Hindu ethnic dispersion led to the abolition of tolerance, increasing dissatisfaction And weakened the foundations of the Gurkhanids
Political Geography
bagher ghalibaf; mahmood vasegh; Hadi Ajili; shahabeddin shafi
Abstract
Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role ...
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Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role in the drawing and formation of game theory, in spite of that, the scientific literature of geopolitical knowledge has not benefited from it to investigate the phenomena. For this purpose, the geopolitical explanation of game theory in geopolitical systems and the introduction of this concept to geopolitical analysis and explanation is the topic of the upcoming article. This article tries to answer the question of how to explain the structure and function of game theory in geographical environments with the approach of geopolitical systems. In response to this question and with an explanatory descriptive method based on Saunders' research methodology model, the hypothesis of the article is that "the theory of games in competitions, conflicts, cooperation and convergences and other patterns of geopolitical relations and in complex geopolitical systems with at least one objective geographical source deals with, has the role of modeling and drawing operational solutions, and by receiving data and values from geopolitics, it brings the complex geopolitical system to a new balance and order". The findings of the research show that game theory is the subject of social, political and international relations studies, and in particular, due to the centrality of "power and competition" in this theory, it is considered a topic of discussion in geopolitical science. Since the function of game theory is considered in geopolitical systems, the authors' interpretation of the concept of system is "complex geopolitical system" with the components of complexity theory.
Political Geography
Elham Sabagh; Mahnaz Goodarzi
Abstract
The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries of Central Asia, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union, have gained an increasing position in international equations and regional relations, are of great importance because they are a potential source of many threats and opportunities ...
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The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the countries of Central Asia, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union, have gained an increasing position in international equations and regional relations, are of great importance because they are a potential source of many threats and opportunities for Iran. Is. Iran's foreign policy in this region, on the one hand, based on the factors of convergence in the political, economic and cultural fields, has enjoyed opportunities and fields of influence and cooperation, and on the other hand, due to the factors of divergence with It has faced challenges and threats, the result of which has always had an impact on the direction of Iran's foreign policy in the Central Asian region. Due to its unique features in the Middle East region, the Islamic Republic of Iran needs to always expand its relations with neighboring countries and neighboring regions. Based on this assumption, in order to identify and explain the identity of the foreign policy in the Central Asia region, the question of this article is: "In what dimensions has Iran's foreign policy in the Central Asia region been successful and in which of them has it failed?" In response to this research, this hypothesis is proposed that "the absence of a multifaceted (flexible) foreign policy considering the contribution of each of the political, economic and cultural sectors has been influential in the successes and failures of Iran's foreign policy in Central Asia". The method of conducting this research is a qualitative descriptive-analytical type, and its data have been collected through documentary library studies and reviewed and analyzed in the framework of foreign policy.
